Dual liquid fuel system



June 22, 1954 A. LoFT 2,681,694

DUAL LIQUID FUEL SYSTEM Filed Nov. 24, 1951 inv-enter.; Arne Loft,

by @We i I-I Attorney Patented` .une 22, 195,4

2,681,694 DUAL LIQUID FUEL SYSTEM Arne Loft, Schenectady, N. Y., assignor to General Electric Company, a corporation of York Application November 24,

6 Claims.

This invention relates to liquid fuel Systems for thermal povverplants, particularly to a dual liquid fuel supply system for a gas turbine powerplant.

In order to achieve sufficiently high efficiency to make the gas turbine powerplant commercially feasible, it has been found necessary to make the normal operating temperature just as close as practicable to the maximum temperature which the materials available will withstand. In such a power-plant designed for normal operating temperature levels on the order of 1500 F., it is essential that excessive temperatures be avoided, since a temperature rise of even 50, if it persists for any length of time, may result in a substantial reduction in the life of the components. Likewise, thermal shock, due to sudden changes in temperature, must be avoided. It has been found that a sudden variation in the fuel supply pressure, as might occur for instance Where the electric power driving the' fuel pump experienced a transient failure, will produce such serious temperature shocks as to adversely affect the operation and service life of the powerplant.

Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide an improved liquid fuel supply system for a gas turbine powerplane with special means for preventing transient decreases in fuel supply pressure, and consequent increase in fuel flow upon sudden return of supply pressure.

A particular object is to provide means for maintaining constant fuel pressure in a dual fuel system, such as those for supplying a heavy residual fuel oil to the powerplant in normal operation, with an auxiliary system for supplying a lighter fuel oil, such as diesel fuel, during the starting cycle and in the event of emergency breakdown of the heavy fuel supply system.

A still further object is to provide an improved dual fuel system which, in the event of failure of both sources of fuel, will permit continued operation of the plant for a short interval until one of the fuel sources again becomes operative.

Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing, in which the single figure is a diagrammatic representation of a gas turbine with a dual fuel system incorporating the invention.

Generally, the `invention is practiced by providing separate systems for supplying viscous fuel oil, such as that known commercially as Bunker C, and diesel fuel, with a multiple-position transfer Valve and special accumulator means which is charged from the lighter oil system-*and which automatically discharges to the powerplant in the New 1951, Serial No. 258,058

, 2 event of any transient drop in the heavy fuel oil supply pressure.

Referring now more particularly to the drawing, this dual fuel system is sho-wn applied to a gas turbine powerplant indicated generally at l as connected to a suitable load device, such as the electric generator 2. The gas turbine is of course provided with a number of auxiliary devices, such as various servo mechanisms for preventing excessive temperature and speed conditions, etc., and a fuel pump shown generally at 3 as being driven from the gas turbine rotor. This fuel pump may be of any suitable type, but is preferably of the general type disclosed in the oopending application of Bruce 0. Buckland, Serial No. 183,332, led September 16, 1950 and assigned to the same assignee as the present application. This is a multiple piston variable displacement pump With special servo-mechanism for altering the displacement of the pump in accordance with the dictates of a complex regulating mechanism having speed, temperature, and pressure responsive components. Such a gas turbine fuel regulator is disclosed, for instance, in United States Patent 2,558,592, issued June 26, 1951 on an application to N. E. Starkey, Carl B. Lewis and M. A. Edwards, and assigned to the same assignee as the present application. Such a regulator is indicated diagrammatically at i in the drawing as being arranged to supply a hydraulic pressure signal by Way of conduit 4a t0 a servo mechanism 3a which is arranged to vary the rate of fuel delivery by pump 3.

Successful operation of the fuel pump 3 reu quires that suitable liquid fuel at an appropriate,

and substantially constant, pressure be supplied to the pump inlet 3b. This pump also' requires that a comparatively light oil be supplied at all times for lubricating purposes. This lubricating oil is supplied through conduit 3c and returned to the light oil system by drain conduit 3d.

rIhe dual fuel system, to which the present invention particularly relates, comprises a primary system for supplying heavy oil, indicated generally at 5, an auxiliary system for supplying"`-`a-- lighter oil, indicated generally at t, a transfer valve 'l for interconnecting the two systems, and an accumulator 3 for preventing excessive fuel pressure variations.

The primary fuel system 5 comprises a main fuel oil storage tank i), two first-stage fuel supply pumps, arranged in parallel and identified Illa and lb, at least one fuel cleaning centrifuge il, asecond fuel tank l2, two second-stage fuel 3 pumps, also arranged in parallel and identified i3d, |317, and a suitable fuel heater I4.

The main fuel tanl 9 is provided with heating means, such as an electric or steam heating coil indicated diagrammatically at 9a. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the heavy Bunker C fuel oil is so Viscous as to be almost impossible to pump, particularly when the oil temperature is below 100 F. The first-stage pumps lila, leb are connected in parallel to supply fuel oil past check-valves icc, iSd to the centrifuge i l where solid impurities are removed, the purified oil beingI delivered to the second fuel tank i2. The rst-stage pumps itc, lilb are driven by suitable motors, such as the electric vmotors shown. Pump ich runs at all times when the powerplant is operating, while the second pump ita cornes into operation only when the oil level in the auxiliary tank l2 drops below a preselected value. To this end, pump lila is arranged to be energized by a level-sensitive switch Ille which closes when the oil drops to a preselected. minimum. This auxiliary motor illa ob viously could be stopped and started in other ways, and could even be controlled manually when the supply of fuelby pump lilb to the tank l2 becomes inadequate.

. From tani; i2, the warmed and purified oil is taken by the second-stage pump i329 and passed through check valve i3d to a suitable electric or steam heater lll arranged to keep the oil at a temperature on the order of 226 F. The other second-stage pump i 3c discharges through check Valve 53e and is provided with a pressure-sensitive switch l5 which starts pump i3d when the pressure furnished by pump 13b drops too low. From heater l, fuel oil passes, through conduit le to the transfer valve l, which has a check valve 'ita adjacent the inlet thereof. Fuel pressure at the inlet to transfer valve 1 is held substantially constant, at a value on the order of B lb. per sq. in., by a pressure-regulating relief valve il which returns any excess fuel to tank l2 through conduit itl. Cormnunicating between the transfer Vvalve l and the return conduit i8 is a bypass conduit is, the function of which will he seen hereinafter.

The auxiliary fuel system 5 comprises a main diesel oil tank i9, two nrst-stage pumps Ella, 26h, arranged in'parallel and discharging through check valves 26C, Edd to the diesel fuel supply conduit 2i.. Conduit 2i communicates with theV transfer valve li, with a check valve 22 at the inlet thereof. 7he diesel fuel supply pressure is maintained constant by another pressure-regulating relief valve 2 from which excess oil is returned to tank le by a conduit 2t.

. t is to be noted that the diesel fuel supply pressure held by valve 23 is somewhat higher than the Bunker-C fuelV pressure maintained by relief valve il, the diesel oil pressure being perhaps in the neighborhood of lb. per sq. in., while the Bunker-C pressure is about 5 lb. per sq. in. lower. This is to insure that there will at `no timebe any leakage of the heavy oil into theVV diesel oil circuit; Vany leakage there may be will Voccur inV the opposite direction. There is, of

course, no harm done if a small quantity of the diesel oil contaminates the Bunker-C, whereas Vthe' extremely viscous Bunker-C would cause malfunctioning if it got into the light oil circuit.

The diesel oil pump Eilb is arranged to be driven at all times, as by an electric motor, while threipump Ella is provided with a .pressure-respon.- sive svitch 25 which starts Vthe pump 271Go: only when the supply pressure of pump 2th drops be low a preselected value. A

rihe transfer valve i is arranged to deliver fuel to the discharge conduit 255, which contains a fuel shutoff valve 21 adjacent the inlet 3b of the gas turbine fuel metering pump Si, which as indicated above is driven by suitable gearing (not shown) from the gas turbine rotor shaft. As also indicated above, the fuel pump 3 may be of the type' disclosed in patent application Serial No. 183,332, mentioned above, and may be arranged to supply fuel by a plurality of separate conduits 3e to the respective combustion chambers or combustors of the gas turbine i.

Light oil for lubricating the fuel pump 3 is supplied from conduit El .past a check valve 28 to the pump lubricating supply conduit lic. Spent lubricant is returned by conduit 3d to the return conduit 2d.

The arrangement ofthe transfer valve 'l is as follows. While the exact mechanical details may take many forms, the diagrammatic representation of the transfer valve in the drawing will in dicate the functions to be performed. as shown, the valve housing 'la contains a rotatable flow control cylinder lh. The circumference of cylinder ih is provided with two cutout portions lo, l'd, and the cylinder is arranged to have two positions identified Diesel and Bunker-C. In theY Diesel position, shown in the cutout ic puts the Bunker-C supply conduit le in comI munication with the bypass conduit i9, and cutout id communicates with the fuel pump supply Vconduit 26 and the diesel oil supply conduit 2l.

When the iiow control cylinder ab rotates to the second position identified EunkerCj the cutout 'id communicates with conduits it and EG, as shown by the dotted lines le. while the other cutout 'ic moves to the Vdotted line position if.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that positioning of the valve control cylinder lo may be efiected either by the manual handle as assumed by the description of the operation herein, or by any suitable automatic regulating system arranged to produce the sequence of steps necessary in starting the plant and switching from one fuel to the other.

tb at one. side. of the diaphragm.

The fuel accumulator 8 may be of any suitn able type, for instance that having a housing containing a bladder or diaphragm Sa with air or other suitable gas under pressure in the space A..s shown in the drawing, accumulator 8 communicates with an emergency supply conduit @a which receives light oil from conduit 3c at the downstream side of check valve 28, andv discharges through a relief valve into the fuel pump supply conduit It is to` be noted that the accumulator relief valve 30 is provided with a pressure-regulating spring arrangement (not shown) so that a preselected pressure differential Vbetween diesel supply conduit 2| and pump supply conduit 2G must occur before the relief valve 30 will open. This pressure differential may be on the order of 10 lb. per sq. in. Asl indicated above, the diesel supply pressure in conduit 2l is maintained atV a. value on the orderYof-35 lb. per sq. in. by pres- Vsure regulating valve 23; while the Bunker@l supply pressure in conduit I6 is maintained at Y a pressure on the order of 30 lb. persq. in. by regulatingY Vvalve I1. Thus, in normalV operation,

the pressure differential between the diesel cir- Y cuit and the Bunker-C, circuitv is insufficient to open the .check valve 30,. As will be seen. from aV consideration of the arrangement of the check valves 28, 30 and the flow indicating arrows in the drawing, the accumulator 8 will normally be charged at a pressure of 35 lb. per sq. in. from the diesel supply conduit 2| and will discharge past valve 30 into the fuel pump supply conduit 26 when the pressure therein falls below a preselected value on the order of 25 lb. per sq. in.

In the event the diesel oil supply pressure in conduit 2l should fall below the pressure to which the accumulator 3 is charged, the accumulator will cause check valve 28 to close and supply diesel oil to the fuel pump lubricating circuit 3c, 3d.

The method of operation of this dual fuel system is as follows. Assume first that the plant is shut down with both fuel systems 5, 6 cold and inoperative. In preparing to start the plant, the Bunker-C fuel oil in the main tank EI` must first be heated by coil Sav. When this heavy oil becomes sufficiently fluid to be pumped, the firststage pump IIJbl may be started and the centrifuge I I operated to supply warmed and purified fuel to the auxiliary tank I2. If, during the further operation of the system, the supply of fuel by pump Illb becomes insufficient, the auxiliary pump Illa will automatically become operative to bring the supply back to the required rate. It may also be found necessary to steam jacket the pipes I 6, I 8, etc. so the entire Bunker-C circuit can be preheated. With tank I2 lled, secondstage pump I3al may be started to supply oil through the heater I4, through conduit I6, and past check valve I6a to transfer valve 1. Since the transfer valve is in the Diesel position, hot Bunker-C oil will be circulated through the cutout 'Ic to the bypass conduit I 9 and back through conduit l 8 to tank I2. The relief valve I'I will hold the Bunker-C supply pressure in conduit I6 at the desired value of 30y lb. per sq. in., and the discharge pressure of pump I3b will be suflicient to cause some flow through valve I1, so that the entire Bunker-C circuit becomes filled with heated moving oil. This circulation of warm heavy oil is continued until all parts of the primary fuel circuit up to the transfer valve 'I are brought to normal operating temperature, which may be on the order of 200` to 210 F.

Meanwhile,` diesel oil from tank I9, which needs no preheating, is supplied by pump 29h to the diesel supply conduit 2l. The pressure regulating valve 23 will bypass some oil to return conduit 24 so as to maintain the pressure in conduit 2I at the desired value of 35 lb. per sq. in. Since the fuel stop valve 21 is closed, there will be no diesel oil flow through the transfer valve. However, diesel oil will be supplied past check valve 428 to charge the accumulator 8 and circulate lubricating oil to the fuel pump 3 through conduits 3c, 3d.

If now the fuel shutoff valve 21 is opened, diesel fuel will be supplied to pump 3 and the powerplant I is readyto be started. This may be effected by a suitable starter motor (not shown) which brings the rotor up to ring speed, so that the fuel pump 3 is caused to supply fuel to the combustors, after which the ignition system (not shown) is energized and combustion begins. The plant may continue to operate thus on diesel fuel until thoroughly warmed up and ready to assume load. c

When it is desired to transfer `to `Bunker-U fuel, the transfer valve handle 'lg is moved to the position identified Bunker-C, in which the cutout 1d communicates between Bunker-C supply conduit I6 and fuel pump conduit 26. 'I'he supply of diesel fuel into the transfer valve is now blocked, and the powerplant operates on heavy oil from the Bunker-C system.

With this arrangement, it will be noted that hot oil is kept circulating in all parts of the Bunker-C circuit during the starting cycle, while the plant is operating on diesel oil. Thus, the viscous Bunker-C oil has no chance to congeal in any part of the system. i

The function of the accumulator 8 in preventing excessive dips in fuel pressure and in supplying oil for emergency operation will be seen from the following.

Assume rst that, during the starting cycle when operating on diesel oil, there is some emergency such as a failure of the elec-tric motor driving pump 20b. The first thing to happen will be that pressure switch 25 starts the pump 25a. If during the changeover from pump 20h to pump 20a; there should be a transient decrease in the diesel fuel supply pressure below the required value of 35 lb. per sq. in., check valve 2B will close and accumulator 8 will supply diesel fuel both through conduit 3c to lubricatefuel pump 3 and past relief valve 30 to the fuel pump supply conduit 26. When the diesel supply pressure rises to the normal value, the check valve 28 will again open and charge the accumulator 8. Note also that supply of fuel to conduit 26 from the accumulator 8 will cause check valve 22 to close, by reason of back-flow through the transfer valve 'I. Thus, the accumulator 8 serves to maintain both the fuel supply and lubricating circuits at the desired pressures.

Likewise, when the plant is operating on Bunker-C oil, a drop of more than 5 lb. per sq. in. in the supply conduit 26 will cause the 35 lb. per sq. in. pressure stored in accumulator 8 to open check valve Sli (by reason of the l0 lb. per sq. in. pressure differential required to open this valve) and supply diesel oil to the conduit 26. Any tendency of this emergency diesel oil to flow backward through the transfer valve 'I will cause check valve I 6a to close. Thus, the accumulator 8 serves also to smooth out any transient pressure drops in the Bunker-C fuel system, as may for instance be caused by temporary failure of the power supply for the electrically driven pumps I3a, 13b. In the event of complete failure of the Bunker-C system, the transfer Valve 'l is slowly returned, manually or automatically, to the Diesel position, so that light oil is again supplied past check valve 22 and to conduit 26 at a pressure of 35 lb. per sq. in. While moving valve l to the Diesel position, direct flow through valve it and conduit 29 to conduit 26% supplies fuel to pump 3. The pressure differential across valve 3l! now disappears, with the result that valve 3u closes and the diesel supply conduit 2l again charges accumulator 8.

In the event failure of the electric power supply should cause both Bunker-C pumps i3d, I3b and the diesel pumps 22a, 20h to stop, the accumulator 8 is of sufficient capacity to supply fuel past valve 3B to the pump 3 and also lubricating oil through conduit 3c for the brief period, perhaps on the order of 1 minute, until the power returns. If the power supply is not resumed within this time, the plant is shut down.

Thus, it will be apparent that the invention provides a dual fuel system for furnishing a light lubricating and fuel oil during the starting cycle and in case of emergency failure of the main heavy oil fuel system, with special accumulator means for smoothing out transient pressure dips Y by the 7, in either the Bunker-C or Vdiesel` supply systems and for furnishing emergency lubricating oil and fuel in the event of complete failure of both systems. Thus, the system is protected against momentary failure of the electric power driving the fuel pumps, so that such transient conditions will not cause the automaticY safety devices incorporated in the powerplant regulator 4 to shut down the plant. This is particularly important where the gas turbine powerplant drives a generator for supplying Velectrical energy to a distribution network with the electrically driven fuel pumps receivingrtheir energy from the saine network. ln the event of a major fault in the distribution system, the resulting temporary failure of the fuel supply pumps would, Without the invention, cause the combustion to cease and the automatic safety devices in the gas turbine powerplant to shut it down just at the time 'when its output was most needed in the electrical distribution system.VV 1n this connection, it will be appreciated by those familiar with gas turbine control systems that the regulator indicated generally at d will include automatic devices responsive to low lubricating oil pressure, low fuel pressure, and perhaps a safety device responsive to excessive changes in turbine temperature, all arranged to shut down the plant if the respective operating conditions get outside a preselected safe range. By keeping constant the supply of fuel and lubricant to the pump 3, regardless of brief dips inthe fuel supply pressure maintained in conduits It and 2 i, the accumulator t prevents shutdown of the plant by these safety devices.

It will be appreciated that the accompanying drawing represents diagrammatically, and in somewhat simplified form, what in an actual machine would be an enormously complicated system. For instance, the automatic scheduling for positioning transfer valve i may take many forms, the precise details of which are not material to an understanding of the present invention. lt may be noted, however, that this positioning mechanism may include automatic devices for returning the transfer valve to the Diesel position in the event the Bunker-C fuel supply pressure drops below a preselected value.

While only one arrangement has been disclosed speciiically herein, it will be apparent'to thoseV skilled in the art that the components shown diagrammatically in the drawing may assume many equivalent forms; and it is desired to cover appended claims all such changes'and modifications as fall witliin'the true spirit and scope of the invention. K

i claim as neuT and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

l. In a dual liquid supply system for a thermal powerplant requiring both fuel and lubricating oil at preselected pressures, the combination of a primary system adapted to supply a first liquid at a preselected pressure, an auxiliary system adapted to supply a second liquid at a preselected pressure, a multiple-position transfer valve connected to receive primary liquid from the first system and auxiliary liquid from the second system and adapted to supply either liquid to the powerplant, a fuel-conduit connectedV to supply liquid from the transfer valve tc the powerplant, a lubricant `conduit for supplying liquid from the auxiliary system to the powerplant, an emergency supply conduit communicating between said fuel supply vconduit and lubricant supply Y conduit and containinga relief valve constructed to open at a .preselected differential of the pressure in the fuel conduit below that in the lubricant conduit, and a liquid accumulator connected to said emergency conduit at the side of the relief valve adjacent the auxiliary liquid system and adapted to be charged with liquid therefrom and to discharge into the fuel and lubricant supply conduits when the pressure in either or both the primary and auxiliary liquid supply systems falls below preselected values.

2. A dual liquid supply system in accordance with claim 1 in which the primary fuel system includes a reservoir, pump means for supplying liquid therefrom under pressure, a'rst supply conduit including heater means forV conveying liquid from the pump to the transfer valve, a second conduit containing a pressure-regulating relief valve for maintaining the pressure at the entrance to the transfer valve at a preselected value and connected to return liquid discharged by the relief valve to said reservoir, and a third conduit connected to the transfer valve and adapted to return liquid therefrom to the reservoir, whereby, when the primary system is cold, liquid may be recirculated from the reservoir through the heater to the transfer valve and back tothe reservoir in order that all parts of the primary circuit may be brought to operating temperature before the transfer valve is positioned to supply primary liquid to the powerplant.

3. A dual liquid supply system comprising a primary system adapted to supply a first liquid at a preselected pressure for a first purpose, an auxiliary system adapted to supply a second liquid at a preselected pressure for a second purpose, a

' multiple-position transfer valve connected to receive primary liquid from the rst system and auxiliary liquid from the second system and adapted to supply either to the consumer alternatively, a first discharge conduit connected to the transfer valve and to the consumer to supply either the first or the second liquid'for said first purpose, a second conduit connected to supply liquid from the auxiliary system only to the consumer at all times for said second purpose, an emergency supply conduit communicating between said rst and second conduits, one-way valve means in said emergency conduit preventing ow from the rst conduit to the second conduit, anda liquid accumulator connected to the emergency conduit between said last-mentioned valve means and the second conduit and adapted to be charged with liquid from the auxiliary liquid system and tc discharge auxiliary liquid into both said first and second conduits in the event the pressure in either or both the primary and auxiliary liquid systems falls below preselected values.

4. A dual liquid supply system in accordance with claim 3 in which the primary system supplies the first liquid to the transfer valve at a pressure lower than that at which-the auxiliary liquid is supplied to the transfer yalve by Va preselected pressureV differential, and the valveV means in the emergency supply conduit isa relief valve constructed and arranged to open only the event the liquid pressurein the first conduit Vdrops below the pressureiof the auxiliary liquid by an amount greater than said preselected differential, whereby in Vthe event of any decrease inVV pressure of they auxiliary liquid below its normal value Vthe accumulator immediatelyY l supplies-liquid tothesecond conduit, while'only in the event ofV a still greater drop in pressure in `the discharge conduit will theac'cumulator discharge auxiliary liquid thereto.

5. In a dual liquid system, the combination of a primary system adapted to supply a first liquid at a preselected pressure for a first purpose, an auxiliary system adapted to supply a second liquid at a preselected pressure for a second purpose, a multiple-position transfer Valve connected to receive primary liquid from the first system and auxiliary liquid from the second system and adapted to supply either to the consumer alternatively, a iirst discharge conduit connected to the transfer valve and to the consumer to supply either the first or the second liquid for said iirst purpose, a second conduit connected to supply liquid from the auxiliary system only to the consumer at all times for said second purpose, an emergency supply conduit communicating between said first and second conduits and including a pressure relief valve, a liquid accumulator connected to the emergency conduit at the side of said relief valve adjacent the auxiliary supply circuit to be charged with liquid therefrom, said primary liquid system including a reservoir, pump means for supplying liquid under pressure from the reservoir to the transfer valve, a first liquid supply conduit for conveying liquid from the pump to the transfer valve, regulating means for maintaining the first liquid pressure at the entrance to the transfer valve at a preselected value, a bypass conduit connected to the transfer valve and adapted to return rst liquid therefrom to the reservoir, said transfer Valve means having at least two operating conditions, one condition effecting communication between the first liquid supply conduit and the bypass conduit for returning the first liquid to the reservoir while auxiliary liquids supplied through the transfer valve to the discharge conduit, and a second condition in which the flow of auxiliary liquid through the transfer valve is blocked and primary liquid is supplied through the transfer valve to the discharge conduit.

6. In a dual liquid system for supplying either of two liquids to a consumer for one purpose and only one of the liquids to the consumer for a l0 second purpose, the combination of a primary system adapted to supply the first liquid at a first preselected pressure, an auxiliary system adapted to supply the second liquid at a second preselected pressure which is higher than said first pressure by a preselected differential, multi-condition transfer valve means connected to receive primary liquid from the rst system and auxiliary liquid from the second system and adapted to supply either to the consumer alternatively, a rst discharge conduit connected to the transfer valve means to supply either the first or the second liquid to the consumer for said first purpose, a second conduit connected. to supply liquid from the auxiliary system only to the consumer at all times for said second purpose, an emergency supply conduit communicating between the rst and second conduits and including a pressure relief valve adapted to open only upon the occurrence of a second pressure differential between the first and second conduits greater than said first preselected differential, a liquid accumulator connected to the emergency conduit at the side of the relief valve adjacent the auxiliary supply circuit so as to be charged with liquid therefrom, and check valve means between the emergency conduit and the auxiliary supply system, whereby upon any decrease in the auxiliary liquid supply pressure below the second preselected Value, the accumulator will discharge immediately to supply auxiliary liquid to the consumer for said second purpose, whereas only upon a decrease in the first liquid pressure greater than said first differential will the accumulator discharge through the pressure relief valve to supply liquid to the consumer for said first purpose.

References Cited in the iile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,303,290 Gibbs May 13, 1919 2,066,452 Bernard Jan. 5, 1937 2,440,447 McCollum Apr. 27, 1948 

